ulcer

[tramadol]

INTRODUCTION

Ulcer disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the stomach and duodenum that affects as many as 10 percent of people in the United states at some time in their lives. The disease has relatively low mortality, but it results in substantial human suffering and high economic costs.
In the early 20th century, the pathogenesis of the disorder was believed to be related to stress and dietary factors. Thus, treatment focused on hospitalization with bed rest and prescription of special bland foods. Later the concept arose that peptic ulcer disease was caused by the injurious effects of digestive secretions such as gastric acid; hence, antacids became the standard of therapy. In 1971, Sir James Black identified a subtype of the histamine receptor (H2 receptor) that appeared to be the principal mediator of gastric acid secretion. Antagonists of this receptor proved to be safe and effective therapy for peptic ulcer disease. More recently, inhibitors of the proton pump (H + K + - ATPase) in gastric parietal cells have proved to be rapidly effective and extremely potent antiulcer drugs. Other drugs that appear to enhance mucosal defense such as bismuth compounds, sucralfate (aluminium sucrose sulfate, basic ) and prostaglandins have also been applied to the treatment of peptic ulcers. Despite thes sophisticated therapeutic agents, the disturbing problem of the high recurrence rate of peptic ulcer, even after complete healing, remains

.
what is an ulcer:-
Ulcers are sores on the lining of your digestive tract. Your digestive tract consists of the esophagus, stomach, duodenum ( the first part of the intestines) and intestines. Most ulcers are located in the duodenum. These ulcers are called duodenal ulcers. Ulcers located in the stomach are called gastric ulcers. Ulcers in the esophagus are called esophageal ulcers.

TYPES OF ULCER

1) Peptic Ulcer
a) Gastric Ulcer Introduction
b) Duodenal Ulcer
2) Esophagus Ulcer
3) Mouth Ulcers

[wad_aljabal]

الترجمه وين انا ما فاهم حاجه

[tramadol]

ههههههههههه شنو يا دكتور
بركه بدرى ان شاء الله حتلاقى الترجمه